(The following courses are offered at various times.  Please check course schedule for when they are being offered. These courses are taken in addition to the core classes.)

BIO 398T. Supervised Teaching Teaching under close supervision of course instructors for two semesters; weekly laboratory instruction of undergraduates in microbiology and/or general biology, group meetings with the instructor, individual consultations, and reports throughout the teaching period. Prerequisite: Graduate standing. 

BIO 391M. Tumor Biology Natural history and causal mechanisms of cancer; viral and chemical carcinogens. Prerequisite: Graduate standing, consent of instructor and the graduate adviser, and Biology 360K, or 330 and 130L.

BIO 391P. Advanced Virology Replication of and transformation by DNA and RNA animal viruses.  Prerequisite: Graduate standing, consent of instructor and the graduate advser, and Biology 330.

BIO 394M. Molecular Immunology Studies in cell signaling in the immune system, transgenic and knockout gene analysis, T and B cell selection and maturation, and development of the immune system. Prerequisite: Graduate standing, and consent of instructor and the graduate adviser.

BIO 396. Membranes and Walls of Bacteria Structure, biosynthesis, and function of bacterial envelopes and walls, including associated optional components. Prerequisite: Graduate standing, a general microbiology course, and a biochemistry course.

BIO 397J. Advanced Genetics Intended mainly for first- and second-year graduate students. Selected related topics of current interest with an emphasis on molecular developmental genetics, and any needed review of classical genetics. Designed to help the student to read the literature critically, deliver a good seminar, and participate in thoughtful discussion. May not be counted toward the doctoral degree in microbiology. Prerequisite: Graduate standing, consent of instructor, and a course in genetics. 

BIO 393. Bacterial Signal Transduction Advance level studies in molecular and cellular biology of a wide variety of signal transduction systems in diverse microorganisms; the role of signal transduction across biological membranes in allowing cells to recognize and respond to their environment. Topics include chemotaxis and motility, morphogenesis and development, and secretion and virulence. Taught entirely through reading and discussion of original articles.  Meets with BIO 339M. Prerequisite: Graduate standing, consent of instructor and the graduate advisor

BIO 394. Regulation of Eukaryotic Gene Expression Study of gene expression and its regulation in eukaryotes at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Includes transcription, RNA splicing, polyadenylation, RNA and RNA-protein interactions. Meets with BIO 379J.  Prerequisite: Graduate standing and consent of graduate advisor.